A convenient method for regioselective C-5 halogenation of 4(3H)-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines

N-7, O-Disilylation of 4(3H)-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines provides a convenient method for activation of these compounds toward regiospecific halogenation at C-5. The sequence is conveniently carried out without isolation of the silylated derivatives and desilylation is spontaneous upon addition of water to the reaction mixture.     

TGF-β1 induction of the adenine nucleotide translocator 1 in astrocytes occurs through Smads and Sp1 transcription factors

Background  

The adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (Ant1) is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein involved with energy mobilization during oxidative phosphorylation. We recently showed that rodent Ant1 is upregulated by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in reactive astrocytes following CNS injury. In the present study, we describe the molecular mechanisms by which TGF-β1 regulates Ant1 gene expression in cultured primary rodent astrocytes.     

Synthesis of new silylated sulfur-containing heterocycles through thionation of bis(acylsilanes)

The thionation of bis(acylsilanes) with spacers of variable size with hexamethyldisilathiane under cobalt(II) chloride or trimethylsilyl triflate catalysis affords 2,5-bis(trialkylsilyl)-thiophenes, 2,6-bis(trialkylsilyl)-4H-thiopyrans and 2,7-bis(trialkylsilyl)-4,5-dihydrothiepine generally along with a minor amount of the corresponding oxo analogue. The synthesis of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical bis(trialkylsilyl) derivatives was achieved.     

Passive control of the flow around a square cylinder using porous media

The passive control of bluff body flows using porous media is investigated by means of the penalization method. This method is used to create intermediate porous media between solid obstacles and the fluid in order to modify the boundary layer behaviour. The study covers a wide range of two‐dimensional flows from low transitional flow to fully established turbulence by direct numerical simulation of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. A parametric study is performed to illustrate the effect of the porous layer permeability and thickness on the passive control. The numerical results reveal the ability of porous media to both regularize the flow and to reduce the drag forces up to 30%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Identifying phylogenetic trees

A central problem that arises in evolutionary biology is that of displaying partitions of subsets of a finite set X on a tree whose vertices are partially labelled with the elements of X. Such a tree is called an X-tree and, for a collection of partitions of subsets of X, characterisations for the existence and uniqueness of an X-tree that displays have been previously given in terms of chordal graphs. In this paper, we obtain two closely related characterisations also in terms of chordal graphs. The first describes when identifies an X-tree, and the second describes when a compatible subset of is of maximum size.     

Optimally Dense Packings of Hyperbolic Space

In previous work, a probabilistic approach to controlling difficulties of density in hyperbolic space led to a workable notion of optimal density for packings of bodies. In this paper we extend an ergodic theorem of Nevo to provide an appropriate definition of those packings to be considered optimally dense. Examples are given to illustrate various aspects of the density problem, in particular the shift in emphasis from the analysis of individual packings to spaces of packings.     

Exploring interactions in high-dimensional genomic data: an overview of Logic Regression, with applications

Logic Regression is an adaptive regression methodology mainly developed to explore high-order interactions in genomic data. Logic Regression is intended for situations where most of the covariates in the data to be analyzed are binary. The goal of Logic Regression is to find predictors that are Boolean (logical) combinations of the original predictors. In this article, we give an overview of the methodology and discuss some applications. We also describe the software for Logic Regression, which is available as an R and S-Plus package.     

Isospectral theory of Euler equations

Isospectral problem of both 2D and 3D Euler equations of inviscid fluids, is investigated. Connections with the Clay problem are described. Spectral theorem of the Lax pair is studied.